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In computing, a name server (also spelled nameserver) consists of a program or computer server that implements a name-service protocol. It maps a human-recognizable identifier to a system-internal, often numeric, identification or addressing component.

The most prominent types of name servers in operation today are the name servers of the Domain Name System (DNS), one of the two principal name spaces of the Internet. The most important function of these DNS servers is the translation (resolution) of humanly memorable domain names and hostnames into the corresponding numeric Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, the second principal Internet name space, used to identify and locate computer systems and resources on the Internet.

The Internet maintains two principal namespaces, the domain name hierarchy and the Internet Protocol (IP) address system. The Domain Name System maintains the domain namespace and provides translation services between these two namespaces. Internet name servers implement the Domain Name System. A DNS name server is a server that stores the DNS records, such as address (A) records, name server (NS) records, and mail exchanger (MX) records for a domain name (see also List of DNS record types) and responds with answers to queries against its database.

The top hierarchy of the Internet Domain Name Server is served by the root name servers maintained by delegation by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).

Authoritative name server

An authoritative name server (ANS) is a name server that gives answers in response to questions asked about names in one or more zones. An authoritative-only name server only returns answers to queries about domain names that have been specifically configured by the administrator. Name servers can also be configured to give authoritative answers to queries in some zones, while acting as a caching name server for all other zones.

An authoritative name server can either be a master server or a slave server. A master server for a zone is the server that stores the definitive versions of all records in that zone. A slave server for a zone uses some kind of automatic updating mechanism to maintain an identical copy of the master records. Examples of such mechanisms include DNS zone transfers and file transfer protocols. DNS provides a mechanism whereby the master for a zone can notify all the known slaves for that zone when the contents of the zone have changed. The contents of a zone are either manually configured by the zone's administrator, or managed using Dynamic DNS.

Every known domain name appears in a zone served by one or more authoritative name servers. The fully qualified domain names of the authoritative name servers for any given zone are listed in the NS records for that zone. If the server for a zone is not also authoritative for its parent zone, the server for the parent zone must be configured with a delegation for the zone.

When a domain is registered with a domain name registrar, the zone administrator provides a list of name servers (typically at least two, for redundancy) that are authoritative for the zone that contains the domain. The registrar provides the names of these servers to the domain registry for the top level domain containing the zone. The domain registry in turn configures the authoritative name servers for that top level domain with delegations for each server for the zone. If the fully-qualified domain name of any name server for a zone appears within that zone, the zone administrator provides IP addresses for that name server, which are installed in the parent zone as glue records; otherwise, the delegation consists of the list of NS records for that zone.

Authoritative answer

A name server indicates that its response is authoritative by setting the Authoritative Answer (AA) bit in the response to a query on a name for which it is authoritative. Name servers providing answers for which they are not authoritative (for example, name servers for parent zones), do not set the AA bit.